Revision Standard - Inactive-Withdrawn. Techniques for the installation and operation of industrial controllers, so as to minimize the disturbing effects of electrical noise on these controllers, are addressed. The identification of noise in control circuits and the classification of noise are discussed. A systems approach to noise reduction is presented. Installation recommendations and wiring practices are covered. What are your career objectives over next 10 years.
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Popular Posts 1. Is there anything else you would like us to know about you 2. What are your career objectives over next 10 years 3. How do you handle stress 4. What skills and experience can you bring to this role 5. Best answer for reason for job change 6. How to Explain Employment Gap 7. Sample Answers. Scenario-Based Sample Answers. Department of Energy, in Building Energy Performance Standards, has advanced energy conservation standards.
A number of states have enacted energy conservation regula- tions. These establish energy or power budgets that materially affect architectural, mechanical, and electrical designs. It is, in effect, a clearing house for technical standards. Not all standards are ANSI- approved. Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. UL , and other independent testing laboratories may be approved by an appropriate jurisdictional authority e. It should be noted that other testing laboratories where approved and governmental inspection agencies may maintain additional lists of approved or acceptable equipment; the approval must be for the jurisdiction where the work is to be performed.
Their publications serve to standardize certain design features of electrical equip- ment and provide testing and operating standards for electrical equipment. The IEEE publishes several hundred electrical standards relating to safety, measurements, equipment testing, application, maintenance, and environmental protection. Also published are standards on more general subjects, such as the use of graphic symbols and letter symbols.
The Edison Electric Institute EEI 11 publishes case studies of electrically space-conditioned buildings as well as other informative pamphlets. The International Electrotechnical Commission IEC is an electrical and electronic standards generating body with a multinational membership. National Committee of the IEC. This list is not intended to be all-inclusive; other excellent references are available but are not listed here because of space limitations. The practical aspects of equipment, construction, and installation are covered.
All aspects of lighting, including visual tasks, recommended lighting levels, lighting calculations, and lighting design are included in extensive detail in this comprehensive text. Box , Coral Springs, FL All aspects of transmission, distribution, performance, and protec- tion are included in detail. The applica- tion of protective relaying to customer-utility interconnections, protection of high- voltage motors, transformers, and cable are covered in detail.
Contains extensive, detailed coverage of motor load data and motor characteristics for coordination of electric motors with machine mechanical characteristics. A text on electrical design with emphasis on equipment, including that applicable to commercial buildings.
The preven- tive maintenance procedures for all types of electrical equipment and the rehabilita- tion of damaged apparatus are discussed and illustrated. The principles of underground construction and detailed design of vault installations, cable systems, and related power systems are fully illustrated; cable splicing design parameters are thoroughly covered. Concise, reliable guide to important facets of switchgear and control design, safety, application, and maintenance, including high- and low-voltage starters, circuit breakers, and fuses.
Box , Somerset, NJ Intertec Publishing Corp. The advertising sections of electrical magazines contain excellent material, usually well illus- trated and presented in a clear and readable form, concerning the construction and application of equipment. However, these companies may issue condensed cata- logs for general use. A few manufacturers publish regularly scheduled magazines containing news of new products and actual applications.
In industrial facilities, continuity of the production and related pro- cesses may be critical. Box , Edgemont, PA Box, , Des Plaines, IL The poor quality or failure of electric power to equipment can cause, in some industrial processes, con- ditions that can result in hazardous situations.
Electromagnetic interference EMI can cause safety controls to fail in marginally designed systems. Various codes provide rules and regulations as minimum safeguards of life and property. The electrical design engineer may often provide greater safeguards than outlined in the codes, according to his or her best judgment, while also giving consideration to utilization and economics. Safety for others requires that all circuit-making-and-breaking equipment, as well as other electrical apparatus, be isolated from casual contact.
This is achieved by using dead-front equipment, locked rooms and enclosures, proper grounding, limiting of fault levels, installa- tion of barriers and other isolation including special ventilating grilles , proper clearances, adequate insulation, and similar provisions outlined in this standard. The U. It covers basic provisions for safeguarding from hazards arising from the installation operation or maintenance of a conductors in electric supply stations, and b overhead and underground electric supply and communication lines.
It also covers work rules for construction, maintenance, and operation of electric supply and communica- tion equipment. Circuit protection is a fundamental safety requirement of all electrical systems. Adequate interrupting capacities are required in services, feeders, and branch circuits. Selective, auto- matic isolation of faulted circuits represents good engineering. Fault protection, covered in Chapters 5 and 6, should be designed and coordinated throughout the system.
Physical pro- tection of equipment from damage or tampering, and exposure of unprotected equipment to electrical, chemical, and mechanical damage is necessary. Engineers should make sure that the equipment they specify and accept conforms to these standards. The lowest initial purchase price may not result in the lowest cost after taking into consideration operat- ing, maintenance, and owning costs.
Dead-front construction should be utilized whenever practical. Proper barricading, signing, and guarding should be installed and maintained on energized systems or around machinery that could be hazardous, or is located in occupied areas. Work rules, especially in areas of medium or high voltage, should be established. This is foremost a matter of safety, but is also required to prevent damage to equipment. A serious cause of failure, attrib- utable to human error, is unintentional grounding or phase-to-phase short circuiting of equip- ment that is being worked on.
By careful design, such as proper spacing and barriers, and by enforcement of published work-safety rules, the designer can minimize this hazard.
Unantici- pated backfeeds through control circuitry, from capacitors, instrument transformers, or test equipment, presents a danger to the worker. Protective devices, such as ground-fault relays and ground-fault detectors for high-resistance or ungrounded systems , will minimize damage from electrical failures. Electrical failures that involve smoke and noise, even though occur- ring in unoccupied areas, may cause confusion to the working population.
Nuisance tripping, which may interrupt industrial processes, can be minimized by careful design and selection of protective equipment. The installation should be so designed that maintenance can be performed with normally available maintenance personnel either in- house or contract.
Generally, the external systems are operated and maintained by the electrical utility, though at times they are a part of the plant distribution system. Where continuity of service is essential, suitable transfer equipment and alternate sources should be provided. Such equipment is needed to maintain minimum lighting requirements for passageways, stairways, and critical areas as well as to supply power to critical loads.
These systems usually include automatic or manual equipment for transferring loads on loss of normal supply power or for putting bat- tery or generator-fed equipment into service. Annual or other periodic shut-down of electrical equipment may be necessary to perform required electrical maintenance. Protective relaying systems, circuit breakers, switches, trans- formers, and other equipment should be tested on appropriate schedules.
Proper system design can facilitate this work. Allocation of space for electrical areas is often given secondary consider- ation by plant engineering, architectural, and related specialties. Special provisions could be required, as part of the manu- facturing process, for reduction of EMI see 1.
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